Importance of Educating Nursing Students Essay - 1860 Words

The Importance of Educating Nursing Students in Gerontological Nursing Abstract The number of people over the age of 65 is more than ever before and will only increase as the generation of ?baby boomers? starts to retire. However, there are not enough schools of nursing that offer coursework in gerontological nursing as part of their core curriculum. In addition, nursing faculty is not adequately trained to instruct students in this critical area of nursing. Nursing students must understand and appreciate the demand for care of the aging population so that they can learn and apply this knowledge in their nursing careers where they will inevitably encounter a vast majority of senior citizens. The Importance of Educating Nursing†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If older people contract a chronic disease it also affects them differently. In a 1998 study, Abrams amp; Beers discovered that older adults are affected disproportionately with diabetes, dementia, geriatric depression, stroke, osteoporosis, Parkinson?s disease, heart failure, and arthritis and that the treatments and causes of these conditions can differ based on age (Grocki amp; Fox, 2004). Most elderly people have at least one chronic condition and typically they have several conditions that must be managed simultaneously. Chronic illness causes some activity limitations for personal care in 49 % of all older individuals, and 27% have difficulty with home management activities. The older the age, the greater the likelihood of difficulty with self-care activities and independent living (Eliopoulos, 2001, p.17). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Now that gerontological nursing has been defined and differentiated from other area of nursing, it is important to discuss why it will become so significant in the future. ?By the year 2030, 20% of the population will be 65 and older. The oldest old, people over the age of 85, are the fastest growing segment of the population? (Gould, Sherman, Mariano, amp; Wallace, 2001). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It is no wonder that the number of nursing collegesShow MoreRelatedNursing Theorist Grid722 Words   |  3 PagesNursing Theorist Grid 1. Theorist Selected: Jean Watson 2. Description of key points of the theory: †¢ In Watson’s philosophy of human caring she developed carative factors. She uses the word carative to classify nursing and medicine. The carative factors aim at the caring process. There are 10 carative factors each one involving a lived experience from all involved in the relationship, including the nurse. †¢ Watson described a need for transpersonal caring relationship. This is definedRead MoreMaster s Prepared Nurse Interview Guide884 Words   |  4 Pagesexpansion of nursing force in health care arena in twenty first century demands the nursing folks to involve in continuous education and implementation of scope of nursing practice ethically. In order to meet the strength of nurses proportionate with population ratio, there is an eminent need for educating new generation seeks immediate action. Nursing educators are to be prepared in various fields of nursing specialties. Introduction The writer is the current student of Master of Science in Nursing EducationRead MoreThe Nursing Program Of Evergreen Valley College931 Words   |  4 PagesEducating Nurses Nursing school experience varies for every person attending. Each person has different learning style and how they interpret information. The nursing program of Evergreen Valley College was an experience that was difficult, eye opening and a rewarding experience. Nursing school in Evergreen was not your ordinary type of college education because it requires constant adapting, evolving of skills, and improvement in knowledge. During the next two years of the program students willRead MoreHealth Promotion in Nursing1000 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: HEALTH PROMOTION IN NURSING PRACTICE Health Promotion in Nursing Practice Grand Canyon University Family-Centered Health Promotion NRS-429V April Herrera April 14, 2012 Health Promotion in Nursing Practice To evaluate health promotion, people need to know what health promotion truly is. 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In 2010, Mill, Astle, Ogilvie and Gustaldo wrote about linking globalRead MoreNursing Paper on Peplaus Theory of Interpersonal Relations1734 Words   |  7 PagesHolzer Chamberlain College of Nursing Nursing 501 Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice Spring 2014 Nursing theory is important because it is the foundation and structure for the profession of nursing. There are many different types of theories and they all serve a specific purpose. Theories are important and valuable because they allow the nurse to understand and comprehend their role as a nursing professional. Theories also play a partRead MoreWhy An Organization / Team Exist Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pagesalignment are built upon (Hader, 2006). Student learning outcomes (SLOs) in essence are the finish line of learning that not only holds the student accountable, but also the educator and learning institution. The question at hand is: are the SLOs congruent with the mission/purpose statement? The answer to this question is yes and no. The mission/purpose statement gives ownership to the institution and nursing faculty in regards of what â€Å"they† will do in educating students to enter safely into professionalRead MorePersonal Philosophy : Personal Teaching Philosophy1 502 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophy Student When the word student comes to mind, I picture a person sitting down astute and eager to learn. Nevertheless, when I think about myself as a student over the years, this picture is not always painted perfectly. The educational concept of a student simply means a person who is willing and ready to learn something new. If the willingness to participate in learning new ideas is missing, so is the student. Students must approach learning with the right attitude. The student shouldRead MoreThe Role Of Nurses As An Effective Leader1093 Words   |  5 Pagesparamount in the nursing professional requiring nurses to deliver exceptional care, evaluate outcomes, and serve as leaders in the improvement of health care (AACN, 2016). Transition Transitioning from an associate degree to a diploma nurse has made a difference in many aspects of practice. For instance, leadership and management alone have taught the importance of being cost effective and becoming an effective leader. Furthermore, the educational aspect of baccalaureate prepared nursing has provenRead MoreProfessional Boundaries in Nursing Essay1106 Words   |  5 PagesNursing surrounds the concept of patient care physically, mentally and ethically. The therapeutic relationship that is created is built on the knowledge and skills of the nurse and relies on patient and nurse trusting one another. The use of nursing skills can ensure these boundaries are maintained, it allows for safe patient care. Professional boundaries are the line that nurses cannot cross, involving aspects such as patient confidentiality and privacy, ensuring legal aspects of nursing and the

The History of Film Editing - 1382 Words

My grandpa is always talking about how much movies have changed with time. His favorite movie, E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial, is an example of how editing and special effects have changed drastically since 1982 and even before that. Watching a movie from this year compared to a movie from the 1930s, you would notice many differences. In the beginning, there was no digital technology to edit films. There have also been important contributors to help evolvement in film editing. In the process of editing film, there are some common editing techniques that have been used ever since film started. The way you edit a scene can also affect the mood and feeling of it. Although the editing of filmmaking has changed a lot over time, there are many reasons for the cause of this including humanities drastic evolvement in technology. In the beginning, there was no digital technology to edit films. The initial editing of all films was done with a positive copy of the film negative called a film work print. This was done by physically cutting and pasting together pieces of film, using a splicer and threading the film on a machine with a viewer, which was a Moviola, flatbed machine or Steenbeck. The 2 Video Tape Recording System (VTR) created by Ampex Corp. was introduced in 1956. This device was also called the splicing block. The user of the machine was able to view the splice point through a microscope. The machine also had a cutting blade that was mounted across the guide to be able toShow MoreRelatedThe Technique Of Film Video Editing History Theory And Practice1100 Words   |  5 PagesTechnique of Film Video Editing History Theory and Practice we can clearly see how editing has changed from the earliest films, when editing was nonexistent to a time when the camera never moved when shooting a scene to a time where you can use montage concepts to make a film more dynamic for the viewer. These were all different stages editing has gone through to get to the point where can use editing as a story telling tool which is just as important as the any other part of creating a film. EdwinRead MoreThe Principles of Non-linear Digital Editing Essays564 Words   |  3 PagesThe Principles of Non-linear Digital Editing In this report I am going to be explaining the principles of non-linear digital editing, including information on the history of editing, and the purpose of editing using software. I will also be explaining the advantages and disadvantages of digital editing and what should be expected from a well-editing video. The very first films were not edited at all, they consisted of one single shot and they were usually very shortRead MoreBirth Of A Nation By D. W. Griffith1076 Words   |  5 Pagesis a silent film epic which made by D. W. Griffith in 1915. Basically, this 3 hours racial melodrama brilliantly chronicles the story between the Northern Stoneman family and the Southern Cameron family who both experienced the Civil War and Reconstruction. However, this film still remains highly controversial ever since it made. Once people mention this film today, the primary concern automatically ignores everything and focuses on how extremely Racial this film has been. In this film, Griffith simplyRead MoreCinematography Is an Integral Part of Motion Pictures Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesWithin this context, Russell Carpenter’s role as the cinematographer of the film Titanic is important. For instance, his attitude towards cinematography, especially his tireless effort to attain perfection contributed to the success of the film. In the film, Carpenterâ⠂¬â„¢s co-operation with art department and visual effects department deeply influenced his role in the film as a cinematographer. During the production of the film, Cameron’s initial idea did not clash with Carpenter’s personal idea on cinematographyRead MoreAnalysis Of Quentin Tarantino s The World Of Inglourious Basterds 1306 Words   |  6 PagesBasterds as a product of his imagination (Gilby 175). If one had watched the film, he can see that the film is based on the real World War II setting as it portrays actual key figures - Hitler, Goebbels, and Churchill - and events around that time, such as German occupation in Paris and the Holocaust. Even though the film uses actual World War II setting, the story as a whole is a pure fiction. The film is a fictional alternate history of two different, but intertwined plots to assassinate Hitler. In realityRead MoreFilm Review On The Film Cinema 1673 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the history of cinema, a never-ending evolution in technological progression – paired with filmmakers’ resourcefulness and ingenuity – allowed for the development of style and encouraged a more involved craft, thus giving individual films a specific personality which therefore eased the process of discerning which piece of cinema was created by which filmmaker. Because of the progress made in film technology, especially early on, certain aspects of filmmaking that once were inconceivableRead MoreVideo Material For Final Production1166 Words   |  5 PagesEditing. Arranging, revising, condensing, modifying and preparing a written, audio, or video material for final production. Editing is also used to decide what the viewer sees and understands in order to bring emotion and meaning forwards. The history of film and editing has had many changes and developments up until today, which inevitably means that editing styles have changed. Film first started out in the 1800 s with no editing at all. When film making first came around there wasnt such thingRead MoreThe Great Train Robbery And The Narrative Structure Of Silent Cinema1182 Words   |  5 PagesJoshua Cragg - Film History and Theory 1 Assessment Task 1 (Word count: 1053) This essay will analyse and discuss The Great Train Robbery (1903) in relation to the narrative structure of silent cinema. The Edison Manufacturing Co, with the estimated budget of $150, produced The Great Train Robbery. Directed by Edwin S. Porter the film has a runtime of 11 minutes, with an aspect ratio of 1:33:1. The film was printed on 35mm hand coloured film and ran at 18 (FPS). The film was later released on DecemberRead MoreThe Great Train Robbery And The Narrative Structure Of Silent Cinema1168 Words   |  5 Pagesof $150, produced The Great Train Robbery. Directed by Edwin S. Porter the film has a runtime of 11 minutes, with an aspect ratio of 1:33:1. The film was printed on 35mm hand coloured film and ran at 18 (FPS). The film was later released on December 1st 1903; the majority of the film was shot in New Jersey, USA. A fantastic linear narrative storyline accompanied The Great Train Robbery upon release, with interesting editing, sophisticated camera work and a satisfying finale. Audiences at the timeRead MoreVertov and Eisenstein Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesSoviet cinema has a significant contribution to the world’s film history. The years after the October Revolution in 1917 bring many economic difficulties and political changes to the newly formed USSR, which also affected film production. The nationalization of the film industry, Kuleshov experiments, and the support from the government mark some of the most important phases that influenced the progress and development of the Soviet film. Even though used as medium of propaganda, the cinema popularity

Human body in space Essay Example For Students

Human body in space Essay My report is on the human body in space. There are many things that come into planning a space launch. For example, the astronauts that venture into space are affected by the complete lack of gravity. Now to me and you this seems like fun but to the people who spend large amounts of time in space or even the people who easily become motion sick, this is a terrible way to live for weeks at a time. You see when you turn off gravity completely your mind cannot determine which way is down. If your mind cannot feel the constant pressure of earths gravity it becomes confused and begins to rely on other senses such as sight motion and hearing to tell which way is down. These types of substitutions often confuse the brain even more, which sometimes causes what is called vertigo. Vertigo is the feeling you experience when you are dizzy or off balanced by something or some force. Some find this sensation tolerable and others find it nauseating. Another reason weightlessness is so bad is because the bones in your body are used to supporting your specific weight since you were born. When you take away gravity your bones are suddenly free from supporting you. When this happens your body reacts by no longer maintaining these bones since they are not in use. As a result your bone mass can decrease. If your bones decrease in mass enough you wouldnt be able to do much of anything when you return to earth. These types of staggering changes can affect their performance while working on such an advanced station. So to counter the effects scientists rotate the space stations the astronauts work on at a speed equal to the earths and the astronauts can experience a type of simulated gravity that decreases the number of threats just described. But this is only one solution to an array of deadly problems. We will go into these precautionary systems later on. Now you should know more of the dangers of space. While in space you are a lot closer to the sun and outside of the ozone layer. This means that you are also not protected as well from the radiation it spews forth twenty-four hours a day. This long of exposure at such high levels can affect the astronauts genetically, physically, etc. So of course there is need for some type of protection or the slightest infection or cold could be fatal to the astronauts after a couple of days. Another of the dangers of outer space is one that is man-made. On a space station people obviously need oxygen to breath. To keep the oxygen from being sucked back into the vacuum of space scientists invented a system that seals oxygen in the ship and circulates it so that the workers dont have to worry about needing oxygen tanks. But, these tanks and reinforced walls create what is called cabin pressure, which creates an e nvironment much like that in an oxygen tank. This type of environment can cause hallucinations and even delirium. These environments can cause serious psychological damage to a persons psyche especially after long periods of time, which is usually the case. Lastly, isolation is the least common cause of failed space experimentation. When a space mission is started, at most six people are sent. But if an experiment has to last more than a two weeks only two people are the maximum allowed staying on the station or satellite to finish the work and then navigate back to earth. With all the duties that go along with maintaining a space station or satellite, there is little time for the two people to interact so for the most part these people are alone save for maybe their sleep hours. But the sleep hours are mandatory to keep the astronauts alert and healthy. As a result people often become home sick and bored from doing their appointed tasks. This is the most infrequent problem that arises because astronauts are thoroughly trained before leaving for a mission. .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a , .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a .postImageUrl , .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a , .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a:hover , .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a:visited , .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a:active { border:0!important; } .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a:active , .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u43729518999cccb51847785734e27a0a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social, Economical, and Political Effects of World EssayNow that we have established the factors working against N.A.S.A. we should look at how scientists have gotten around such problems. All problems have solutions and sometimes the most efficient answer is the most obvious. In the example of zero gravity we said that the body stops making bone tissue because of the lack of weight. We already answered how they restored gravity in a space station but what about an orbiting satellite that cant support this type of rotation lest it fall out of its orbit. Some one might say why not just have them exercise while in space? Well, in the first place the muscle and bone would be gaining nothing from the workouts because the weights are also weightless in orbit. Plus with a heavy schedule for the day they would need a lot of time to properly exercise. To solve this problem scientists have created workout equipment that efficiently exercises all the muscles and bones in your body. They look exactly rubber bands connected to a stick. The bands stretch about waist high, so the astronauts bend down and put the stick behind their head. With their feet now firmly secured to the ships hull all they have to do is basically stand up over and over. Scientists are currently working on new solutions to these problems. For example a chicken breeder has developed a machine that sends low-toned sound vibrations through the body, stimulating the muscles and giving the appearance of a full days workout although it takes as long as fifteen minutes twice a day. As I said before radiation increases at a dramatic rate as you get closer to the sun. This huge increase could be pot entially being fatal if the ships were not properly insulated against high levels. First off, the ship has three protective layers made to filter the radiation and in some cases power the ship. Although this sounds comforting there is too much we dont understand about the solar radiation that we still do not know about. As another precaution everyone in the ship wears a protective suit that filtrates all types of low-level radiation except for UV rays, which is healthy and helpful for the body and growth. These suits are also the inner layers of the suits astronauts wear out into space to do manual operations outside a ship. In the matter of cabin pressure there is little that can be done to remedy such a byproduct of space exploration. The least scientists could have come up with was a small egg-shaped case that can house only one person sitting in the built in chair. In here the cabin pressure environment is created and the person is exposed to it for small periods of time and gradually increases day after day. As we can see here, some answers just havent been found yet so we do the best that we can with our resources. In the case of isolation there is no training. None, zero zilch. You do not have a program that you can take before a mission that can help you deal with the isolation. The best scientists have come up with is a series army and marine training techniques that help the human mind to concentrate on something other than what is bothering them. Again we do what we can for the time being. Although a computer system that the astronauts can interact with has been purposed a number of times most stations that actually had to deal with such rare situations dont have the time or real need for such a bulky computer system that would keep an astronaut occupied rather than healthy. So in this case the astronauts must rely on their own determination and that cannot be taught.

Outsourcing free essay sample

Outsourcing is subcontracting a service, such as product design or manufacturing, to a third-party company. The decision whether to outsource or to do in house is often based upon achieving a lower production cost, making better use of available resources, focusing energy on the core competencies of a particular business, or just making more efficient use of labour, capital, information technology or land resources. It is essentially a division of labour. Outsourcing became part of the business lexicon during the 1980’s. Research and Development The competitive pressures on firms to bring out new products at an ever rapid pace to meet market needs are increasing. As such, the pressures on the RD department are increasing. In order to alleviate the pressure, firms have to either increase RD budgets or find ways to utilize the resources in a more productive way. There are situations when a firm may consider outsourcing some of its RD work to a contract research organizations or universities. We will write a custom essay sample on Outsourcing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Reasons why a firm could consider outsourcing are: †¢ new product design does not work †¢ project time and cost overruns †¢ loss of key staff †¢ competitive response †¢ problems of quality/yield. The key drivers for RD outsourcing are emerging mass markets and availability of expertise in the field. In this context, the two most populous countries in the world, China and India, provide huge pools from which to find talent. Both countries produce over 200,000 engineers and science graduates each year. Moreover both countries are low cost sourcing countries. Other strategic drivers for outsourcing RD are access to expertise and intellectual property, filling gaps in the capabilities of the RD function, managing risk better, reducing the time to market, and focusing on the core competence or activities of the firm Manufacturing Often companies will develop and market products but leave the manufacturing to other companies that specialize in it. Thus a factory can do manufacturing for several companies and keep a large manufacturing plant operating at nearly full capacity when no individual contract could justify the expense of maintaining the infrastructure. An example of this would be Fabless semiconductor companies which do design etc but do not have their own, extremely expensive, fabrication facilities. Other examples would be companies that specialize in the tasks of procuring parts, assembly, QA, etc. and market these skills as their primary business to companies that outsource manufacturing to them. Information technology field Outsourcing in the information technology field has two meanings. One is to commission the development of an application to another organization, usually a company that specializes in the development of this type of application. The other is to hire the services of another company to manage all or parts of the services that otherwise would be rendered by an IT unit of the organization. The latter concept might not include development of new applications. Reasons for outsourcing Organizations that outsource are seeking to realize benefits or address the following issues: †¢ Cost savings. The lowering of the overall cost of the service to the business. This will involve reducing the scope, defining quality levels, re-pricing, re-negotiation, cost re-structuring. Access to lower cost economies through off shoring called labour arbitrage generated by the wage gap between industrialised and developing nations. †¢ Focus on Core Business. Resources (for example investment, people, and infrastructure) are focused on developing the core business. For example often organizations outsource their IT support to specialised IT services companies. †¢ Cost restructuring. Operating leverage is a measure that compares fixed costs to variable costs. Outsourcing changes the balance of this ratio by offering a move from fixed to variable cost and also by making variable costs more predictable. †¢ Improve quality. Achieve a step change in quality through contracting out the service with a new service level agreement. †¢ Knowledge. Access to intellectual property and wider experience and knowledge. †¢ Contract. Services will be provided to a legally binding contract with financial penalties and legal redress. This is not the case with internal services. †¢ Operational expertise. Access to operational best practice that would be too difficult or time consuming to develop in-house. †¢ Access to talent. Access to a larger talent pool and a sustainable source of skills, in particular in science and engineering. †¢ Capacity management. An improved method of capacity management of services and technology where the risk in providing the excess capacity is borne by the supplier. †¢ Catalyst for change. An organization can use an outsourcing agreement as a catalyst for major step change that cannot be achieved alone. The outsourcer becomes a Change agent in the process. †¢ Enhance capacity for innovation. Companies increasingly use external knowledge service providers to supplement limited in-house capacity for product innovation. †¢ Reduce time to market. The acceleration of the development or production of a product through the additional capability brought by the supplier. †¢ Commodification. The trend of standardising business processes, IT Services, and application services which enable to buy at the right price, allows businesses access to services which were only available to large corporations. †¢ Risk management. An approach to risk management for some types of risks is to partner with an outsourcer who is better able to provide the mitigation. †¢ Venture Capital. Some countries match government funds venture capital with private venture capital for startups that start businesses in their country. †¢ Tax Benefit. Countries offer tax incentives to move manufacturing operations to counter high corporate taxes within another country. Criticisms of outsourcing Quality Risks Quality Risk is the propensity for a product or service to be defective, due to operations-related issues. Quality risk in outsourcing is driven by a list of factors. One such factor is opportunism by suppliers due to misaligned incentives between buyer and supplier, information asymmetry, high asset specificity, or high supplier switching costs. Other factors contributing to quality risk in outsourcing are poor buyer-supplier communication, lack of supplier capabilities/resources/capacity, or buyer-supplier contract enforceability. Two main concepts must be considered when considering observability as it related to quality risks in outsourcing: the concepts of testability and criticality. Quality fade is the deliberate and secretive reduction in the quality of labour in order to widen profit margins. The downward changes in human capital are subtle but progressive, and usually unnoticeable by the out sourcer/customer. The initial interview meets requirements, however, with subsequent support, more and more of the support team is replaced with novice or less experienced workers. Some IT shops will continue to reduce the quality of human capital, under the pressure of drying up labor supply and upward trend of salary, pushing the quality limits. Such practices are hard to detect, as customers may just simply give up seeking help from the help desk. However, the overall customer satisfaction will be reduced greatly over time. Unless the company constantly conducts customer satisfaction surveys, they may eventually be caught in a surprise of customer churn, and when they find out the root cause, it could be too late. In such cases, it can be hard to dispute the legal contract with the outsourcing company, as their staff is now trained in the process and the original staff made redundant. In the end, the company that outsources may find that it is worse off than before it outsourced its workforce. Quality of service Quality of service is measured through a service level agreement (SLA) in the outsourcing contract. In poorly defined contracts there is no measure of quality or SLA defined. Even when an SLA exists it may not be to the same level as previously enjoyed. This may be due to the process of implementing proper objective measurement and reporting which is being done for the first time. It may also be lower quality through design to match the lower price. There are a number of stakeholders who are affected and there is no single view of quality. The CEO may view the lower quality acceptable to meet the business needs at the right price. The retained management team may view quality as slipping compared to what they previously achieved. The end consumer of the service may also receive a change in service that is within agreed SLAs but is still perceived as inadequate. The supplier may view quality in purely meeting the defined SLAs regardless of perception or ability to do better. Quality in terms of end-user-experience is best measured through customer satisfaction questionnaires which are professionally designed to capture an unbiased view of quality. Surveys can be one of research. This allows quality to be tracked over time and also for corrective action to be identified and taken. Language skills In the area of call centers end-user-experience is deemed to be of lower quality when a service is outsourced. This is exacerbated when outsourcing is combined with off-shoring to regions where the first language and culture are different. The questionable quality is particularly evident when call centers that service the public are outsourced and offshored. The public generally find linguistic features such as accents; word use and phraseology different which may make call center agents difficult to understand. The visual clues that are present in face-to-face encounters are missing from the call center interactions and this also may lead to misunderstandings and difficulties. In addition to language and accent differences, a lack of local social and geographic knowledge is often present, leading to misunderstandings or mis-communications Public opinion There is a strong public opinion regarding outsourcing (especially when combined with offshoring) that outsourcing damages a local labor market. Outsourcing is the transfer of the delivery of services which affects both jobs and individuals. It is difficult to dispute that outsourcing has a detrimental effect on individuals who face job disruption and employment insecurity; however, its supporters believe that outsourcing should bring down prices, providing greater economic benefit to all. There are legal protections in the European Union regulations called the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment). Labor laws in the United States are not as protective as those in the European Union. Social responsibility Outsourcing sends jobs to the lower-income areas where work is being outsourced to, which provides jobs in these areas and has a net equalizing effect on the overall distribution of wealth. Some argue that the outsourcing of jobs (particularly off-shore) exploits the lower paid workers. A contrary view is that more people are employed and benefit from paid work. Despite this argument, domestic workers displaced by such equalization are proportionately unable to outsource their own costs of housing, food and transportation. On the issue of high-skilled labor, such as computer programming, some argue that it is unfair to both the local and off-shore programmers to outsource the work simply because the foreign pay rate is lower. On the other hand, one can argue that paying the higher-rate for local programmers is wasteful, or charity, or simply overpayment. If the end goal of buyers is to pay less for what they buy, and for sellers it is to get a higher price for what they sell, there is nothing automatically unethical about choosing the cheaper of two products, services, or employees. Social responsibility is also reflected in the costs of benefits provided to workers. Companies outsourcing jobs effectively transfer the cost of retirement and medical benefits to the countries where the services are outsourced. This represents a significant reduction in total cost of labour for the outsourcing company. A side effect of this trend is the reduction in salaries and benefits at home in the occupations most directly impacted by outsourcing. Staff turnover The staff turnover of employee who originally transferred to the outsourcer is a concern for many companies. Turnover is higher under an outsourcer and key company skills may be lost with retention outside of the control of the company. In outsourcing offshore there is an issue of staff turnover in the outsourcer companies call centers. It is quite normal for such companies to replace its entire workforce each year in a call center. This inhibits the build-up of employee knowledge and keeps quality at a low level. Company knowledge Outsourcing could lead to communication problems with transferred employees. For example, before transfer staff have access to broadcast company e-mail informing them of new products, procedures etc. Once in the outsourcing organization the same access may not be available. Also to reduce costs, some outsource employees may not have access to e-mail, but any information which is new is delivered in team meetings. Qualifications of outsourcers The outsourcer may replace staff with less qualified people or with people with different non-equivalent qualifications. In the engineering discipline there has been a debate about the number of engineers being produced by the major economies of the United States, India and China. The argument centers on the definition of an engineering graduate and also disputed numbers. The closest comparable numbers of annual graduates of four-year degrees are United States (137,437) India (112,000) and China (351,537). Failure to deliver business transformation Business transformation promised by outsourcing suppliers often fails to materialize. In a commoditised market where many service providers can offer savings of time and money, smart vendors have promised a second wave of benefits that will improve the client’s business outcomes. According to Vinay Couto of Booz Company â€Å"Clients always use the service provider’s ability to achieve transformation as a key selection criterion. It’s always in the top three and sometimes number one. † While failure is sometimes attributed to vendors overstating their capabilities, Couto points out those clients are sometimes unwilling to invest in transformation once an outsourcing contract is in place. Productivity Offshore outsourcing for the purpose of saving cost can often have a negative influence on the real productivity of a company. Rather than investing in technology to improve productivity, companies gain non-real productivity by hiring fewer people locally and outsourcing work to less productive facilities offshore that appear to be more productive simply because the workers are paid less. Sometimes, this can lead to strange contradictions where workers in a developing country using hand tools can appear to be more productive than a U. S. worker using advanced computer controlled machine tools, simply because their salary appears to be less in terms of U. S. dollars. In contrast, increases in real productivity are the result of more productive tools or methods of operating that make it possible for a worker to do more work. Non-real productivity gains are the result of shifting work to lower paid workers, often without regards to real productivity. The net result of choosing non-real over real productivity gain is that the company falls behind and obsoletes itself overtime rather than making investments in real productivity. Standpoint of labour From the standpoint of labor within countries on the negative end of outsourcing this may represent a new threat, contributing to rampant worker insecurity, and reflective of the general process of globalization. While the outsourcing process may provide benefits to less developed countries or global society as a whole, in some form and to some degree include rising wages or increasing standards of living these benefits are not secure. Further, the term outsourcing is also used to describe a process by which an internal department, equipment as well as personnel, is sold to a service provider, who may retain the workforce on worse conditions or discharge them in the short term. The affected workers thus often feel they are being sold down the river. Careers Impact Industry Impact Security Before outsourcing an organization is responsible for the actions of all their staff and liable for their actions. When these same people are transferred to an outsourcer they may not change desk but their legal status has changed. They no-longer are directly employed or responsible to the organization. This causes legal, security and compliance issues that need to be addressed through the contract between the client and the suppliers. This is one of the most complex areas of outsourcing and requires a specialist third party adviser. Fraud is a specific security issue that is criminal activity whether it is by employees or the supplier staff. However, it can be disputed that the fraud is more likely when outsourcers are involved, for example credit card theft when there is scope for fraud by credit card cloning. In April 2005, a high-profile case involving the theft of $350,000 from four Citibank customers occurred when call center workers acquired the passwords to customer accounts and transferred the money to their own accounts opened under fictitious names. Citibank did not find out about the problem until the American customers noticed discrepancies with their accounts and notified the bank. An offshore financial centre (or OFC), although not precisely defined, is usually a low-tax, lightly regulated jurisdiction which specializes in providing the corporate and commercial infrastructure to facilitate the use of that jurisdiction for the formation of offshore companies and for the investment of offshore funds. The term offshore financial centre is a relatively modern neologism, first coined in the 1980s. Although the terms are not synonymous, many leading offshore finance centres are regarded as tax havens, and the lack of precise definitions often leads to confusion between the concepts. In Tolleys International Initiatives Affecting Financial Havens the author in the Glossary of Terms defines an offshore financial centre in forthright terms as a politically correct term for what used to be called a tax haven. However, he then qualifies this by adding The use of this term makes the important point that a jurisdiction may provide specific facilities for offshore financial centres without being in any general sense a tax haven Most offshore financial centres now promote themselves on the basis of light but effective regulation, and generally only seek to regulate high-risk financial business, such as banking, insurance and mutual funds. An extremely high proportion of hedge funds (which characteristically employ high risk investment strategies) who register offshore are presumed to be driven by lighter regulatory requirements rather than perceived tax benefits. Many capital markets bond issues are also structured through a special purpose vehicle incorporated in an offshore financial centre specifically to minimise the amount of regulatory red-tape associated with the issue. Some offshore jurisdictions have sought to replicate this success with equity issues by forming local stock exchanges, but these have not been a notable success to date. A number of internet-based businesses have recently set up business in offshore financial centres which, whilst lawful in the offshore financial centre, would not be lawful in its target market. These businesses often relate to pornography or gambling. Critics of offshore financial centres suggest that they are not effectively regulated in all areas, and in particular that they are vulnerable to being used by organised crime for money laundering. However, partly in response to international initiatives and partly in a defensive move to protect their reputations, most offshore financial centres now apply fairly rigorous anti-money laundering regulations to offshore business. Some even argue that offshore jurisdictions are in many cases better regulated than many onshore financial centres. For example, in most offshore jurisdictions, a person needs a licence to act as a trustee, whereas (for example) in the United Kingdom and the United States, there are no restrictions or regulations as to who may serve in a fiduciary capacity. Some commentators have expressed concern that the differing levels of sophistication between offshore financial centres will lead to regulatory arbitrage, and fuel a race to the bottom, although evidence from the market seems to indicate the investors prefer to utilise better regulated offshore jurisdictions rather than more poorly regulated ones. Confidentiality Critics of offshore jurisdictions point to excessive secrecy in those jurisdictions, particularly in relation to the beneficial ownership of offshore companies, and in relation to offshore bank accounts. The criticisms are slightly difficult to assess. In most jurisdictions banks will preserve the confidentiality of their customers, and all of the major offshore jurisdictions have appropriate procedures for law enforcement agencies to obtain information regarding suspicious bank accounts. Most jurisdictions also have remedies which private citizens can avail themselves of, such as Anton Piller orders, if they can satisfy the court in that jurisdiction that a bank account has been used as part of a legal wrong. Similarly, although most offshore jurisdictions only make a limited amount of information with respect to companies publicly available, this is also true of most states in the U. S. A. , where it is uncommon for share registers or company accounts to be available for public inspection. In relation to trusts and unlimited liability partnerships, there are very few jurisdictions in the world that require these to be registered, let alone publicly file details of the people involved with those structures. However, there are certainly well documented cases of parties using offshore structure to facilitate wrongdoing, and the strong confidentiality laws in offshore jurisdictions have clearly played a part in the selection of an offshore vehicle for those purposes. Offshore structures are formed for a variety of reasons. Legitimate reasons include: †¢ Asset holding vehicles. Many corporate conglomerates employ a large number of holding companies, and often high-risk assets are parked in separate companies to prevent legal risk accruing to the main group. Similarly, it is quite common for fleets of ships to be separately owned by separate offshore companies to try to circumvent laws relating to group liability under certain environmental legislation. †¢ Asset protection. Wealthy individuals who live in politically unstable countries utilise offshore companies to hold family wealth to avoid potential expropriation or exchange control restrictions in the country in which they live. These structures work best when the wealth is foreign-earned, or has been expatriated over a significant period of time (aggregating annual exchange control allowances). †¢ Avoidance of forced heirship provisions. Many countries from France to Saudi Arabia (and the U. S. State of Louisiana) continue to employ forced heirship provisions in their succession law, limiting the testators freedom to distribute assets upon death. By placing assets into an offshore company, and then having probate for the shares in the offshore determined by the laws of the offshore jurisdiction (usually in accordance with a specific will or codicil sworn for that purpose), the testator can sometimes avoid such strictures. †¢ Collective Investment Vehicles. Mutual funds, Hedge funds, Unit Trusts and SICAVs are formed offshore to facilitate international distribution. By being domiciled in a low tax jurisdiction investors only have to consider the tax implications of their own domicile or residency. †¢ Derivatives trading. Wealthy individuals often form offshore vehicles to engage in risky investments, such as derivatives trading, which are extremely difficult to engage in directly due to cumbersome financial markets regulation. †¢ Exchange control trading vehicles. In countries where there is either exchange control or is perceived to be increased political risk with the repatriation of funds, major exporters often form trading vehicles in offshore companies so that the sales from exports can be parked in the offshore vehicle until need for further investment. Trading vehicles of this nature have been criticised in a number of shareholder lawsuits which allege that by manipulating the ownership of the trading vehicle, majority shareholders can illegally avoid paying minority shareholders their fair share of trading profits. †¢ Joint venture vehicles. Offshore jurisdictions are frequently used to set-up joint venture companies, either as a compromise neutral jurisdiction (see for example, TNK-BP) and/or because the jurisdiction where the joint venture has its commercial centre has insufficiently sophisticated corporate and commercial laws. †¢ Stock market listing vehicles. Successful companies who are unable to obtain a stock market listing because of the underdevelopment of the corporate law in their home country often transfer shares into an offshore vehicle, and list the offshore vehicle. Offshore vehicles are listed on the NASDAQ, AIM, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and the Singapore Stock Exchange. It is estimated that over 90% of the companies listed on Hong Kongs Hang Seng are incorporated in offshore jurisdictions. An article in the Daily Telegraph in March 2007 indicated that 35% of companies listed on AIM during 2006 were from OFCs. †¢ Trade finance vehicles. Large corporate groups often form offshore companies, sometimes under an orphan structure to enable them to obtain financing (either from bond issues or by way of a syndicated loan) and to treat the financing as off-balance-sheet under applicable accounting procedures. In relation to bond issues, offshore special purpose vehicles are often used in relation to asset-backed securities transactions (particularly securitisations). Illegitimate purposes include: †¢ Creditor avoidance. Highly indebted persons may seek to escape the effect of bankruptcy by transferring cash and assets into an anonymous offshore company. †¢ Market manipulation. The Enron and Parmalat scandals demonstrated how companies could form offshore vehicles to manipulate financial results. †¢ Money laundering. A number of high profile money laundering investigations have indicated schemes facilitated by offshore structures. †¢ Tax evasion. Although numbers are difficult to ascertain, it is widely believed that individuals in wealthy nations unlawfully evade tax through not declaring gains made by offshore vehicles that they own. †¢ Terrorist financing. It is often suggested that offshore vehicles might be used to assist terrorist financing, although exhaustive investigations have yet to obtain any evidence of this. Proponents of offshore jurisdictions argue that because their regulatory structures tend to be designed to focus closely on high risk geo-political areas, and since September 11, 2001 attacks all financial institutions tend to scrutinise United Nations embargoed persons lists with enormous care in international transactions, trying to use an offshore structure for terrorist financing would be like putting a red flag on it. Although these structures are characteristically set up as companies, they can also be set up as trusts or partnerships, and many offshore jurisdictions offer specialised forms of these entities (for example, the STAR trusts in Cayman and the VISTA trusts in the British Virgin Islands). Insurance A number of offshore jurisdictions promote the incorporation of captive insurance companies within the jurisdiction to allow the sponsor to manage risk. In more sophisticated offshore insurance markets, onshore insurance companies can also establish an offshore subsidiary in the jurisdiction to reinsure certain risks underwritten by the onshore parent, and thereby reduce overall reserve and capital requirements. Onshore reinsurance companies may also incorporate an offshore subsidiary to reinsure catastrophic risks. Critics argue that attractions of an offshore financial centre in these circumstances include favourable tax regimes, and low or weakly enforced actuarial reserve requirements and capital standards, but evidence that offshore actual reserve requirements and capital requirements are weak or poorly enforced is difficult to come by in an industry that is most effectively regulated by the markets. Proponents of offshore markets suggest that only experienced market participants tend to form offshore affiliates in the insurance market, and this is a very useful way to facilitate arbitrage of risk pricing between insurance and re-insurance markets. In Bermuda the insurance and re-insurance market has grown so large and sophisticated, that it is now the third largest reinsurance market in the world. There are also signs the primary insurance market is becoming increasingly focused upon Bermuda; in September 2006 Hiscox PLC, the FTSE 250 insurance company announced that it planned to relocate to Bermuda citing tax and regulatory advantages. Banks Traditionally, a number of offshore jurisdictions offered banking licences to institutions with relatively little scrutiny. International initiatives have largely stopped this practice, and very few offshore financial centres will now issue licences to offshore banks that do not already hold a banking licence in a major onshore jurisdiction. The most recent reliable figures for offshore banks indicates that the Cayman Islands has 285 licensed banks, the Bahamas has 301 List of main offshore financial centres There are a large number of offshore financial centres (by some measures, there are more countries that are offshore financial centres than not), but the following jurisdictions could be considered to be market leading jurisdictions for various reasons: †¢ Bahamas, which has a considerable number of registered vessels. The Bahamas used to be the dominant force in the offshore financial world, but fell from favour in 1970s after independence. †¢ Bermuda, which is market leader for captive insurance, and also has a strong presence in offshore funds and aircraft registration. †¢ British Virgin Islands, which has the largest number of offshore companies. †¢ Cayman Islands, which has the largest value of AUM in offshore funds, and is also the strongest presence in the U. S. securitisation market. †¢ Gibraltar, which, whilst not dominating the offshore market in any particular specialisation, retains a strong presence in most fields. Gibraltar is no more an offshore centre since 30 June 2006. No new Exempt Company certificates are being issued from that date. †¢ Luxembourg, which is the market leader in Undertakings for Collective Investments in Transferable Securities and is believed to be the largest offshore Eurobond issuer, although no official statistics confirm this. †¢ Panama, which is a significant international maritime centre. Although Panama (with Bermuda) was one of the earliest offshore corporate domiciles, Panama lost significance in the early 1990s. Panama is now second only to the British Virgin Islands in volumes of incorporations. Although there are many, many other offshore jurisdictions, some of which are relatively sophisticated (for example, Guernsey and the Isle of Man are particularly well developed and well regulated offshore centres, although they tend to be overshadowed by Jersey; and the offshore aircraft registration market, unusually, is not dominated by one jurisdiction but is fragmented amongst Bermuda, Cayman, Aruba, Netherlands Antilles and the Seychelles), those seven jurisdictions are generally considered to be the key market participants, and to possess the most sophisticated offshore infrastructure.

Most Common Plastics

Most Common Plastics Below are five of the most common plastics used for different applications along with their properties, uses and trade names. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Polyethylene Terephthalate- PET or PETE- is a durable thermoplastic that shows tough resistance to chemicals, high energy radiation, moisture, weather, wear, and abrasion. This clear or pigmented plastic is available with trade names such as: Ertalyte TX, Sustadur PET, TECADUR PET, Rynite, Unitep PET, Impet, Nuplas, Zellamid ZL 1400, Ensitep, Petlon, and Centrolyte. PET is a general purpose plastic that is made by polycondensation of PTA with ethylene glycol (EG). PET is commonly used for making soft drink and water bottles, salad trays, salad dressing containers, peanut butter containers, medicine jars, biscuit trays, rope, bean bags, and combs. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a semi flexible to hard plastic that can be easily processed by catalytic polymerization of ethylene in slurry, solution, or gas phase reactors. It is resistant to chemicals, moisture, and any sort of impact but cannot stand temperatures exceeding 160 degrees C. HDPE is naturally in the opaque state but can be colored to any requirement. HDPE products can be safely used for storing food and drinks and so it is used for shopping bags, freezer bags, milk bottles, ice cream containers, and juice bottles. It is also used for shampoo and conditioner bottles, soap bottles, detergents, bleaches, and agricultural pipes. HDPE is available under trade names of HiTec, Playboard, King Colorboard, Paxon, Densetec, King PlastiBal, Polystone, and Plexar.   Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is present in both rigid and flexible forms as unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride PVC-U and Plasticised Polyvinyl Chloride PCV-P. PVC can be obtained from ethylene and salt by vinyl chloride polymerization. PVC is resistant to fires because of its high chlorine content and is also resistant to oils and chemicals except aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones and cyclic ethers. PVC is durable and can withstand aggressive environmental factors. PVC-U is used for plumbing pipes and fittings, wall cladding, roof sheeting, cosmetic containers, bottles, window frames, and door frames. PVC-P is commonly used for cable sheathing, blood bags, blood tubing, watch straps, garden hoses, and shoe soles. PVC is commonly available under trade names of Apex, Geon, Vekaplan, Vinika, Vistel, and Vythene. Polypropylene (PP) Polypropylene (PP) is a strong yet flexible plastic that can withstand high temperatures up to 200 degrees C. PP is manufactured from propylene gas in presence of a catalyst such as titanium chloride. Being a lightweight material, PP has high tensile strength and is highly resistant to corrosion, chemicals, and moisture. Polypropylene is used to make dip bottles and ice cream tubs, margarine tubs, potato chip bags, straws, microwave meal trays, kettles, garden furniture, lunch boxes, prescription bottles, and blue packing tape. It is available under trade names such as Valtec, Valmax, Vebel, Verplen, Vylene, Oleplate and Pro-Fax. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is soft and flexible as compared to HDPE. Low Density Polyethylene shows good chemical resistance and excellent electrical properties. At low temperatures, it shows high impact strength. LDPE is compatible with most foods and household chemicals and acts as a poor oxygen barrier. Because it has very high elongation as a result of its molecular structure, LDPE is used in stretch wraps. This translucent plastic is mainly used for plastic food wrap, garbage bags, sandwich bags, squeeze bottles, black irrigation tubes, garbage bins, and plastic grocery bags. Low density polyethylene is made from the polymerization of ethylene in an autoclave or tubular reactors at very high pressures. LDPE is available in the market under the following trade names: Venelene, Vickylen, Dowlex, and Flexomer.

Life and Work of Joan Mitchell, New York School Painter

Life and Work of Joan Mitchell, New York School Painter Joan Mitchell (February 12, 1925–October 30, 1992) was an American painter and a so-called â€Å"Second Wave† Abstract Expressionist. (The title does not do justice to her originality as a colorist; the artist preferred the label â€Å"New York School† instead.)  Mitchell’s life was characterized by a robust individualism, and much of her success is owed to her ability to unabashedly broadcast her talent despite the roadblocks set before a female artist painting on such a large scale. Fast Facts: Joan Mitchell Occupation: Painter and colorist (New York School)Born:  February 12, 1925 in Chicago, IllinoisDied: October 30, 1992 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, FranceEducation: Smith College (no degree), Art Institute of Chicago (BFA, MFA)Key Accomplishments: Featured in the 1951 9th Street Show; regarded as a key figure of second wave Abstract ExpressionismSpouse:  Barney Rosset, Jr. (m. 1949–1952) Early Life Joan Mitchell was born February 12, 1925 to Marion and James Mitchell in Chicago, Illinois. Her parents’ behavior often left young Joan alone to develop a staunch sense of self in the absence of her parents’ guidance, not unusual of the upper crust world to which the Mitchell family belonged (her mother was an heiress to a steel fortune, her father a successful dermatologist). Mitchell was marked by a sense that her father would always be disappointed in her, as she was born a second daughter when her parents had wanted a son. She cited her father’s attitude as the reason she became an abstract painter, as it was one realm in which he had no experience nor talent and therefore was a space in which she could fully become her own self. Mitchell’s mother was one of the early editors of Poetry magazine and a successful poet in her own right. The presence of poetry, as well as her mother’s contemporaries (like poets Edna St. Vincent Millay and George Dillon), ensured that Mitchell was always surrounded by words, the influence of which can be found in many of her painting titles, such as â€Å"The Harbormaster,† after a poem of Frank O’Hara’s, and â€Å"Hemlock,† a Wallace Stevens poem. At the age of ten, Mitchell was published in Poetry, the second youngest poet to be published in those pages. Her precociousness earned her respect from her mother, jealousy from her sister Sally, and only occasional approval from her father, whom she worked so hard to please. Mitchell was pushed to excel in all endeavors, and as a result was a superb athlete, a champion diver and tennis player. She was dedicated to figure skating and competed at a regional and national level until she suffered a knee injury and abandoned the sport. Eidetic Memory and Synesthesia Eidetic memory is the ability to vividly recall sensations and visual details of moments in the past. While some children possess the ability to keep images they have experienced in their mind’s eye, many adults lose this ability once they are taught to read, replacing visual with verbal recollection. Joan Mitchell, however, retained the ability into adulthood and as a result was able to summon memories decades past, which had a profound influence on her work.  Ã‚   A Joan Mitchell canvas for sale at Christies in London. Getty Images   Mitchell also had a case of synesthesia, a crossing of neural pathways that manifests in the mixing of senses: letters and words evoke colors, sounds would create physical sensations, and other such phenomena. While Mitchell’s art cannot be described exclusively through her synesthetic eye, the constant presence of vivid color in Mitchell’s everyday certainly had an affected her work. Education and Early Career Though Mitchell wanted to attend art school, her father insisted she have a more traditional education. Thus, Mitchell began college at Smith in 1942. Two years later, she transferred to the School of the Art Institute of Chicago to complete her degree. She then received an MFA from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1950. Mitchell married high school classmate Barnet Rosset, Jr. in 1949. Mitchell encouraged Rosset to found Grove Press, a successful mid-century publisher. The two separated in 1951, and the marriage ended in divorce in 1952, though Mitchell remained friends with Rosset all her life. Mitchell began traveling to Paris in 1955 and moved there in 1959 to live with Jean-Paul Riopelle, a Canadian abstract artist with whom she had a sporadic and drawn-out twenty-five year affair. Paris became Mitchell’s second home, and she purchased a cottage just north of Paris with the money she inherited after her mother’s death in 1967. Her relationship with France was reciprocated, as she was the first woman to have a solo show at the Musà ©e d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris in 1982, received the title of Commandeur des Arts et Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture, and was awarded Le Grand Prix des Arts de la Ville de Paris in painting in 1991. Critical Success True to the character she developed during her long tenure as a champion athlete, Mitchell exhibited a toughness that her father would have disparaged as un-ladylike, but which may have been essential to the milieu in which she operated. Mitchell drank, smoked, swore, and hung around in bars, and while not befitting a high-society lady in Chicago, this attitude served Mitchell well: she was one of a handful of female members of the Eighth Street Club, an iconic grouping of downtown artists in 1950s New York. The first hint of critical success came in 1957, when Mitchell was featured in ArtNews’s â€Å"....Paints a Picture† column. â€Å"Mitchell Paints a Picture,† written by prominent critic Irving Sandler, profiled the artist for the major magazine. In 1961, Russell Mitchell Gallery staged the first major exhibition of Mitchell’s work, and in 1972 she was recognized with her first major museum show, at the Everson Museum of Art in Syracuse, NY. Soon after, in 1974, she was given a show at New York’s Whitney Museum, thus cementing her legacy. The last decade of Mitchell’s life saw continued critical success. A life-long smoker, Joan Mitchell died of lung cancer in Paris at the age of 67 in 1992. Artistic Legacy Mitchell’s work was by no means conventional, as she frequently used her fingers, rags, and other instruments she had lying around to apply paint to her canvas. The result is an impactful emotional encounter with her canvases, though Mitchell was often reticent to describe what emotions she was feeling at the painting’s inception and why. Mitchell is often labeled as an Abstract Expressionist, but she deviated from stereotypes of the movement in her deliberateness and distance from her work. She began a canvas not by emotional impulse as her forefathers Pollock and Kline may have, but rather worked from a preconceived mental image. Listening to classical music as she worked, she would regard her work in progress from a distance in order to monitor its progress. Far from the canvas as â€Å"arena,† a term coined by critic Harold Rosenberg in reference to the Abstract Expressionists, Mitchell’s process reveals the premeditated vision she had for her work. Sources Albers, P. (2011.) Joan Mitchell: Lady Painter. New York: Knopf.Anfam, D. (2018.) Joan Mitchell: Paintings from the Middle of the Last Century 1953-1962. New York: Cheim Read.Timeline. joanmitchellfoundation.org. http://joanmitchellfoundation.org/work/artist/timeline/

Problems with Professional Development Dissertation

Problems with Professional Development - Dissertation Example It is easy to agree on the need; how should districts address obstacles that would impede the success of such programs? An inevitable consideration is time, of course. It would be ideal if all teachers had ample opportunities to learn from one another, and to absorb the current research in a vacuum; but considerable juggling of schedules is necessary; as the ongoing practice of direct student interaction is neglected only at the district's peril. With a limited number of school days per year, with needed allocations for snow days and unforeseen interferences with academic scheduling; a teacher's available time is a resource that determines district funding and must be husbanded by the administration. A study by Raywid has sought to examine time allocation by school districts in terms of professional development assignments. Numerous approaches have been devised for time-management that would free-up hours or days needed for improvement of the educational process as a whole. One proposal would be either extending the school year, adding additional days, or just hours to build a block of time permitting ongoing improvement for the staff. The entire day could be planned for an extended length during four days of the week, with one day being designated for a shortened time-frame. A shortened Friday might prove a popular choice in this instance; but specific district needs will of course be paramount in choosing a day most convenient. Without adding time, a budget could be allocated, for some districts to use greater numbers of teaching assistants, qualified volunteers, or teaching interns to cover classes; providing students with the same number of days they are entitled to under State and Federal Law, while granting time needed for continuous development amongst the teaching staff. The use of qualified teaching volunteers could serve as a means to increase community support. Former, retired teachers could be retained in a limited capacity to allow the same number of school hours, but giving current teachers a chance to pursue professional goals. Drawing upon the talent pool of the community at large could be a useful means to strengthen ties, and encourage interest and participation in events such as PTA meetings; or ancillary school-related functions. Certain previously-planned staff meeting and informational sessions could also be re-tasked to allow for instruction in teaching methods, and studies of knowledg e absorption in students. Teachers may be given 'PTO', some form of paid time off, or a substitute bank of time that has been previously allocated, and could be 'tapped' by individual teachers on an 'as needed' basis. (Raywid, 1993) More ideas are needed, as Professional development has not been universally perceived as integral to enhancing teacher effectiveness and adaptability. (Watts & Castle, 1993) The above mentioned recommendations for time allocation may be unusual in most districts; where district administration, as well as parents, and State education officials tend to be leery of anything that distracts teachers from direct student interaction. (NECTL, 1994) It is rare to create scheduling with professional skill development in mind. Guilt, on the part of

Issues in Palliative Care Nursing Research Proposal

Issues in Palliative Care Nursing - Research Proposal Example However, majority of the nurses have insufficient training in communication skills, and, thus, conveying bad news has been a great issue in palliative care nursing. Research has indicated that poor communication skills may make the nurse frustrated or cause burnout. At other times, the nurses may be faced with an ethical dilemma such as euthanasia, and fail to come up with a proper decision. This is because most of them know nothing about moral sensitivity. A nurse who lacks moral sensitivity cannot use moral components or elements such as honesty and fidelity to make a proper ethical decision about a particular situation. Just like poor communication skills, inability to deal with an ethical dilemma can cause burnout and/or make the nurse frustrated. Thus, both ethical dilemmas and communication skills are key issues that can affect the quality of palliative care offered by the nurse. How the Problem Was Identified Palliative care is given to patients who are in the process of dying . These patients usually suffer from terminal diseases (diseases that have no cure or treatment). Dealing with these patients and their families is a big problem for the nurses especially if they have poor communication skills and cannot solve an ethical dilemma. ... Therefore, it becomes an issue if the nurse cannot offer holistic support to the patients. Research has indicated that communications skills and ethical dilemmas are issues in palliative care nursing. Brief Overview of Why It Is a Problem in Nursing As stated before, the quality of the patient and the nurse relationship has a direct effect on the quality of care provided. If the relationship is compromised by poor communication skills and inability to deal with ethical dilemmas, then, the quality of the care given will be low based on the severity of the compromise. Good communication skills and the ability to deal with ethical dilemmas are important because the opposite may adversely affect the holistic well-being of the patient and their families. Nurses are also affected in that they can get frustrated when they are unable to communicate well and deal with ethical dilemmas. Burnout can also occur if the nurse is unable to deal with these issues. Literature Review The purpose of pa lliative care is to enhance the quality of life and being supportive through the management and control of the patient’s symptoms to attain the best quality of life for the patients and their families. In such a case, death should not be hastened or postponed (Hughes, Bakos, O’Mara, and Kovner, 2005). The quality of the nurse and client relationship has a direct impact on the quality of care offered, and thus, important for effective nursing practice (McWilliam, Oudshoorn, and Ward-Griffin, 2007). Communication skills are significant in effective or successful delivery of palliative care. Much emphasis has been put on physician communication and this has brought a number of issues. Less emphasis has been put on communication as an important skill for the nurses. It is important to

What Turned My life Around Essay Example for Free

What Turned My life Around Essay MY WATERSHED MOMENT 2 My Watershed Moment There are many memories that have happened in my life that are important to me. It is very hard to select one that has really changed or impacted my life as an individual. Considering I am just about half way through my illustrious life building a bank of historical memories that I would like to recall and some that I would like to erase for good. As I look back, I think the one event that really turned my life around was joining the Navy, 20 years later and I must say it was a decision well made. As I graduated high school my thought process was to be the first person in my family to go to college. Here I am an 18 year old boy from Queens, New York having to travel more than an hour to college, taking two buses and a train. Now this does not sit well with someone when it is in the middle of winter and you feel like the city is just eating you up. It was at that point where I figured college life was not for me. Transitioning from a place where I knew plenty of people to an environment that was completely made of strangers also contributed to my decision on leaving college. Now here I am attending college, it feels like things have come full circle; I am now laying the foundation for my children setting the example that I did not have while I was growing up. As for my future, I am looking forward to gaining more experience through more watershed moments and hopefully I have the awareness to enjoy the transition from the ending to the new beginnings. Situation Analysis When I was 18 years old going to college living with my parents, I have made  up my mind to drop out of college and join the military. I did not know which service I was going to join but I know college was not for me. The one thing that surprised me was the reaction of my MY WATERSHED MOMENT 3 parents; it was a reaction of being more supportive than disappointed considering I was going to be the first in the family to go to college. As I went to each recruiting stations, I could feel nothing but anxious, scared, and sadness. The next step was to explain my decision to the rest of my family and friends. No matter how they took the news, all I knew was things were not going to be the same. After all I was going to start a whole new lifestyle and end connections with friends that I have had for the past 10 years. This was the first step to a new beginning and I knew it was going to affect many people especially myself. The Five Stages of Endings In William Bridges’ book Transitions: Making Sense of Life’s Changes (2004), he states that a life transition is the psychological process where we slowly recognize the details that are within situations we are faced with. According to Bridges (2004), when faced with life transitions we go through three distinct processes: Endings, The Neutral Zone, and New Beginnings. Endings being the first stage which is broken down into five stages: disengagement, dismantling, disidentification, disenchantment, and disorientation. I will try to explain how I went through each of the stages of endings. 1. Disengagement: When I first thought about the meaning of disengagement I truly did not understand it. As I thought of the moment of disengagement, it would have to be when I stepped onto the bus for boot camp. As soon as stepped through the bus doors and hearing the doors close behind me, it felt as though I stepped into a whole new world, I was in a place where I knew no one. It was more apparent when we arrived at boot camp. When we stopped in front of the processing center I can already hear the company commanders yelling, something I was MY WATERSHED MOMENT 4 not use to. This was definitely a culture shock for me, one that I was not use to and comfortable with. I thought this would be an easy transition  because my cousin had entered the Army just months before I joined the Navy. So I figured if he can do it, than I can do it. 2. Dismantling: Even though heading to boot camp was a shocking experience, I was in for a rude awakening. My dismantling started to take place when the recruiter took me to hotel where all the new recruits were staying for the night so we can all go to the airport together. This took me away from what was the normal routine of going home and sleeping in my bed. My dismantling continued when they sat me in the barber’s chair. I was known amongst my friends as the guy with the â€Å"good hair†, not any more. When the barber picked up those clippers I knew it was not going to be good. As the clippers buzzed through my hair, I felt like a new person. Than the next step was to take off all our civilian clothes, put them in a bag and label it with our last name. It felt as though they were stripping me down of my identity in order to mold a new person or sailor. 3. Disidentification: I believe my disidentification began within the dismantling stage. Once my personal possessions were taken away from me and my hair cut I knew I had to start and find my new self. I remember trying to hang onto who I was throughout boot camp but slowly realized that was not going to happen. I quickly came to my senses seeing that this was the company commanders’ world and they were there to make you that new person. Once I have come to my senses I was willing to let go of my identity that I used to have and started to become the new me. â€Å"That is when it is important to remember the significance of disidentification and the need to loosen the bonds of the person we think we are so that we can MY WATERSHED MOMENT 5 go through a transition toward a new identity† (Bridges, 2004, p.117). As boot camp went on I found myself becoming more mature and dependable within my unit. I was designated master at arms by the company commanders, this was the first time I have ever been in charge of anything and I was proud of myself the accomplishments that I have achieved so far. 4. Disenchantment: Starting with the first day of boot camp is when I believe I encountered disenchantment. â€Å"The disenchantment experience is the signal that the time has come to look below the surface of what has been thought to  be so† (Bridges, 2004, p. 121). As I lay in my bunk, my mind would race about my family, friends, and significant others. I knew my family would want what was best for me but I did not know if that was the case for my friends. I would always wonder if my friends would be there for me if I ever needed them in time of need. As for my significant other, was she truly going to wait for me whi le I was trying to make my life better? At that point I had to get them out of my mind in order to make my experience in boot camp the best it can be. I knew if I was preoccupied by the thoughts of untrustworthy friends back home my training and experience in boot camp would be a wasteful 8 weeks of training. 5. Disorientation: My disorientation goes back to the first day I stepped off the bus at boot camp. It was cold, the snow was up to my shins, and I had three to four company commanders yelling at me for no apparent reason. It was a whole new world for me. I kept on repeating in my head, â€Å"What did I do?† I did not have my family and friends to turn to for encouragement, I really felt as though I was in another world. When it would be time for lights out that is when it occurred to me that I was all alone. The next two months in boot camp were MY WATERSHED MOMENT 6 very difficult, especially at night when I had time to reminisce about the great times I spent with family and friends. Even though the toughest part of the military was boot camp, it was the beginning of my new life. The constant comparison of what my life used to be and what my life was going to be like made for a very difficult transition. When I reported to my first submarine is when things started to get better. I started to open up to crew members; they essentially became my second family and new friends. I was in an environment that allowed me to express myself and it made me feel like accomplished something when my ideas were utilized to make things better within my division. My Neutral Zone I believe I reached my neutral zone when I decided to join the Navy. When I arrived at boot camp, I automatically noticed the way people acted and the surrounding area was different from what I was used to. While boot camp always had the hustle and bustle of activity I found myself in the neutral zone while in my bunk. Every time they would say lights out, I would think  about my future plans and how am I going to make the best of my time in the military. Another aspect I thought about is the new friendships I will be developing and old ones that will become a memory. As I returned home from boot camp, I visited some old friends and it seemed as though they were all strangers to me. They all were doing things that were not familiar to me and were recalling things that happened while I was away. It made me feel secluded from what was going on in the old neighborhood. At that moment I started to realize the experiences of boot camp, reporting to my first submarine, and the people I h ave met throughout the process, I MY WATERSHED MOMENT 7 have come to appreciate the structure and the way the everyday life of the military is conducted. I realized that my old self had to come to a close and a new chapter in my life needed to begin. I knew a better lifestyle was waiting for me in the future which included independence, opportunity, and freedom in making the decisions based on my own thought process without interference from friends and family. New Beginning I knew a new beginning has occurred for me when I woke for the first time on a submarine while underway. For the first time in 19 years I was not able to say good morning to my parents, sleep in my own bed, and say hello to my friends on the phone. I was anxious to learn new things not only from the technical aspect of submarines but to learn from other people. It felt as though I was reenergized in the way I saw life and the goals I had set for myself were becoming reality. I knew people were counting on me to make decisions that will not put them in jeopardy while I was on the boat. I also had to reinvent the way I acted towards others, especially to the higher ranking people. Before, I was in the military I would call people no matter who it was by their first name as though we were friends. As my new beginning started, I think back of all the time thought about how things should have been instead of taking in and acknowledging the transition to a new beginning and new life I was encountering. Reflective Analysis In my lifetime I have experienced many watershed moments that have played a  big part of my evolution from a young boy to adulthood. When I was faced with difficult times and decisions as I was growing up, I could do nothing but learn from those experiences and share MY WATERSHED MOMENT 8 them with my children. We have to prepare ourselves for new opportunities that come our way and move on with whatever we are facing. Change will always be peeking around the corner and no matter how hard we try to stop it, it cannot be done. So, I have learned whatever change you are faced with it is not worth the stress that comes with it. Just make the best of it, adapt to it, and challenge it only if you feel it jeopardizes safety and well-being. References Bridges, W. (2004). Transitions: Making sense of life’s changes, revised 25th Anniversary Edition: Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing.

Perfect Competition :: Brisbane Australia Restaurants

Brisbane, Australia, is the third largest city; where it serves up some of Australia’s best culinary finds. There is a marvellous collection of Brisbane restaurants with everything from stylish boutique eateries featuring top chefs from around the world to local diners than feature Australian specialities (ABC Integra, 2004). This essay will discuss the extent to which restaurants in Brisbane match the characteristic of a perfectly competitive industry both in the short and long run. Following that, this essay will elaborates on the pros and cons from an economic perspective, the characteristics of a perfectly competitive industry. Comparison between perfect competition and monopolistic along with examples will also be given to further illustrate the best market structures that fit restaurants in Brisbane. It will then be concluded that restaurants in Brisbane does not fit the characteristics of a perfectly competitive industry but rather a monopolistic industry as the only si milarity between restaurants and a perfectly competitive industry is the large number of participants involved. Diagram 1.0 – Perfect Competition Perfect competition (as shown above) is a market structure characterised by a large number of small firms, a homogenous product, and very easy entry into, or exit from, the market (Layton, Robert & Tucker, 2002, p.173). The characteristic of a large number of small firms is fulfilled when each firm in a market has no significant share of total output and has no ability to affect the product’s market price. Each firms work autonomously, rather than coordinating decisions collectively (Layton, Robert & Tucker, 2002, p. 173). Restaurants in Brisbane do not fit this characteristic as restaurants are more fitted under monopolistic competition; exist under a large number of firms where no single firm can influence the market outcome. For example, Michael’s Riverside in Brisbane serves some of the area’s best seafood (ABC Integra, 2004). Even so, Michael’s unable to influence the market outcome, but is able to set the prices higher than rival restaurants without fear of losing its customers. This is due to product differentiation (Layton, Robert & Tucker, 2002, p.233). Consumer demand for differentiated products is described using two distinct approaches – the heterogenous demand and homogenous demand. The heterogenous demand assumes that each consumer has a demand for multiple varieties of a product over time and the homogenous demand assumes that each product consists of a collection of different characteristics such as in location, atmosphere, quality of food, style, services and price (Suranovic, 1997).

Buddhism as a religion

Buddhism is a religion with a major following of believers from the Far East Nations. These nations are among the most populous countries of the world commanding about three quarters of the world population; with large part of China professing Buddhism it can be regarded as that religion enjoying the largest number of believers. Bearing in mind that many of this nation are (or they were) communists by ideology it is doubtless that establishment of any form of religion has not been easy, and Buddhism has not been an exception.Craik Kenneth: (1943). In this narration two most important names feature-a devoted Buddha who runs away at the time of heightened persecution, and the second one belonging to an American author and artist, George Crane. Tsai ran away from Mongolia as a young Buddhist monk in the wake of attack by the Red Army in 1959. Unfortunately many of the remaining monks are killed in this operation that was meant to do away with the Buddhism religion.According to Tsai, the main character in the Bones of the Master, he ran away to save the teaching of Buddha. Craik Kenneth: (1943). His exodus takes him to Hong Kong and eventually to the United States where, in New York he meets his neighbor and friend George Crane. As they were all working on translation of poems their relationship gets to grow deep despite their age, although it appeared quiet unusual for Crane in the way the Buddha friend expressed his faith.In observing the Buddhism culture to the maximum Tsai seeks to return to Mongolia with the main aim of searching for the bones of his master and also construct a shrine for his master. Tsai also has a statue of the master which was given him by his student of meditation, but this seems so awkward to Crane who fears for its size and weight. Crane feared because with such a massive thing with them they might not even be allowed to go beyond the boundaries of China. In this return journey he asks his friend Crane to accompany him, and the later is more than willing to come along.The land at this moment is still very dangerous for any individual who professes Buddhism as his religion and for this very reason Crane is worried on how they will enter Mongolia, a land which is more obvious that he is the only one remaining of the stock of Buddhist monks. Craik Kenneth: (1943). George Crane (2000), came out to explain the very basic concepts of Buddhism and begins by saying that this religion is built on main principles and one of them is basically that life is about suffering. He notes that human life is centered on striving and attachments and therefore according to Crane it is this struggles that bring about suffering.Futhermore, of utmost importance according to his views is how to overcome this sufferings in which he suggests that the believer should choose the way of the right action and views. At this point, Crane, who most obviously has been influenced by the Buddha practices points out that this actions lead to a path or a way of nirvana or unification with the universe, in which the author says it is about one being in control of her own experiences. Further on Crane says that this path is brought down into four divisions, three of which deal with mental experiences and the remaining one deal with the physical part of the approach.By doing this the author is giving as the insight of the importance of emotions for any believer of the religion of Buddhism. In addition, an individual of the Buddhism faith should act with emotions in addition to his or her mind as a sign of understanding the faith. Concequently, the believer should use the triangle of emotions, imagination and wisdom as a rule of following the right path. This insight therefore makes us to understand that Buddha religion brings an individual to closer understanding himself and the influence of his actions affect his relation with the spiritual world.Death appears to play a central role, an important pillar in the Buddhism philosophy. In fact, according to this philosophy death has never existed because the spirit undergoes a reformation called reincarnation, a kind of a circle involving deaths and births believed to be eternal up to the point of spirit achieving Enlightment and eventually enters nirvana. Another believe is in the idea of Karma which is actually the totality of good and bad deeds associated to an individual during his or her lifetime and which his future life in nirnava.Devotional Practices The Buddhism religion is characterized by a series of practices which are meant to show how devoted the faithful is in the religion. These devotional practices are a sign of veneration expressed before Buddha. Craik Kenneth: (1943). Shrines It is difficult for a Buddhist to worship without the use of shrines. Shrines are special worship points where the image of Buddha is placed and the worshippers bow down around the image during worshipping.For along time Buddha images and shrines have been used as objects of w orshipping and devotion to Buddha – being important in the sense that they are used as objects of inspiration and helps one to remain focused in worship hence showing maximum reverence and gratitude towards the teachings of the Buddha. Images and shrines reminds one of the importance of having perfection in wisdom and compassion in Buddha in addition to the inspirational aspect which serve in developing important qualities as one recalls the majesty of the teachings of Buddha.A Buddhist will tell you that the image in the shrine helps them to be peaceful because when they go to the temple and see the image it helps them to know that there are some peaceful beings elsewhere and they also ought to be so. Psychologically therefore one settles down. Craik Kenneth: (1943). There are several ways in which the faithful of the Buddha show respect to their majesty, the Buddha. This by: Folding palms and placing them on the chest. This action expresses deep respect to Buddha; Dharma an d Sangha.Another way is by Prostration before the image of the Buddha as a sign of showing deep veneration and makes one set to listen to the teachings. Prostration before Buddha helps a Buddhist to focus on the qualities of Buddha which include compassion, patience and wisdom. George Crane (2000). Therefore, the practices employed by Tsung Tsai from USA are the clear ways of showing how devoted he was to his traditional religion. The first expression of the practice is that of meditation. In the travel account we come of the meditation class organized under Tsung Tsai through the of appreciation him by one of his students.The class organized under Buddhist meditation types of the Western world appreciated their teacher on his return to Mongolia by giving him a gift of a statue of Buddha. Possibly they had understood the weight contained in this act of devotion because establishing a shrine for Buddha is the highest form of devotion one expresses to Buddha. George Crane (2000). Mast ers are highly respected among the Buddha because they are the teachers of the traditions, meditations and devotional practices among the monk communities. As an act of devotion therefore there has to be some respect and reverence to masters of the religion.We remember vividly that before Tsung Tsai left for Hong Kong while escaping the massacre he had to visit his master before leaving. While away his master dies, most likely by the bullets of the insurgents, and is buried not in accordance with the proper Buddhist traditions he used to teach. Consequently, Tsung Tsai seeks to come back to accord his master the required burial as per the Buddhist culture. George Crane (2000). Finally we recognize an act of wisdom as a devotional practice. Wisdom is about having a right understanding about all aspects of life, that is, recognition of one’s environment as it is.This act of wisdom is not viewed by Buddhists as any act of intelligence but the way one is refined and with time bec omes freed of ignorance of this religion wisdom is described as a devotional practice where should give in fully to be transformed . Wisdom is achieved through ethical practices and therefore our mental displine is important in the achievement of understanding. To the Buddhists wisdom is very imperative during meditation where one requires clarity of the mind . This is probably the main reason the old master teacher of Tsung Tsai spend times alone in meditation.According to the Buddha wisdom is a characteristic of an enlightened personality and the possessor is compassionate and is likely to operate wisely. George Crane (2000). Conclusion Devotional practices are the basis of any religion and the determinant of how engraved to the acts of the religion one is. To Buddhism in particular they show reverence and respect to the master and his Buddha. Bones of the master is a clear insight to explaining to us the clear insights of the culture of worship evolved behind the curtains of Budd hism. Craik Kenneth: (1943).T sung Tsai can be described as a Cha’n master and monk and is seen as the last Ch’an on earth. Ch’an is a form of Buddhism from Chinese and when it was later introduced in Japan it was renamed as Zen. Therefore a Ch’an monk is associated with the Mongolian or Chinese while the Zen is to Japan. According to Ch’an traditions in Buddhist writings women are accorded the same status as men, and that is why Crane receives a gift from a lama woman and also believed that he was taught the religion by this woman. Craik Kenneth: (1943). Hinduism and Buddhism are closely related religions and evolved together in the Far East.As a result it has been documented that Buddhism and Hinduism a rose from closely related ideas. In addition the early development in the Indian valleys as documented show that there was a strong flow of faith between the two religions such that at one time the Buddha temples were built under the control of Hi ndu kings. Furthermore, the worship through the use of images brings them together in addition to a strong culture embodied in devotional acts of meditation, building of shrines and the role of teachers in the passing of this beliefs to the next generations. Both religions show venerations to many deities. Kadodwala, Dilip. (1995). References Kadodwala, Dilip. (1995). Hinduism. World Religions Series. New York: Thomson Learning, ISBN 1-568-47-377-X. L.C. BL1203.K33. Grades 5Â ­7. Craik Kenneth: (1943). The Nature of Explanation Cambridge University Press. George Crane (2000). Bones of the Master: A Journey to Secret Mongolia Bantam Books, (paperback) 304 pages.